1.0 Use of EN vs PN (n=2)

Total enteral nutrition vs. total parenteral nutrition in patients with severe acute pancreatitis - Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2007;99(5):264-9.[Spanish]
Casas M, Mora J, Fort E, Aracil C, Busquets D, Galter S, et al.
Influence of different routes of nutrition on the respiratory muscle strength and outcome of elderly patients in respiratory intensive care unit. - Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011;1:7-11. [Chinese]
Chen F, Wang J, Jiang Y.

2.0 Early vs delayed nutrition intake (n=3)

Early hypocaloric enteral nutritional supplementation in acute organophosphate poisoning--a prospective randomized trial. - Clin Toxicol. 2009;47(5):419-24.
Moses V, Mahendri NV, John G, Peter JV, Ganesh A.
Effect of early compared with delayed enteral nutrition on endocrine function in patients with traumatic brain injury: an open-labeled randomized trial. - JPEN Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition. 2012;36(1):108-16.
Chourdakis M, Kraus MM, Tzellos T, Sardeli C, Peftoulidou M, Vassilakos D, et al.
Delayed enteral feeding impairs intestinal carbohydrate absorption in critically ill patients. - Critical Care Medicine. 2012;40(1):50-4.
Nguyen NQMPF, Besanko LKB, Burgstad CB, Bellon MB, Holloway RHMFMD, Chapman MBPF, et al.

3.2 Achieving target dose of EN (n=3)

Permissive underfeeding and intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. - Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(3):569-77.
Arabi YM, Tamim HM, Dhar GS, Al-Dawood A, Al-Sultan M, Sakkijha MH, et al.
Randomized trial of initial trophic versus full-energy enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure. - Critical Care Medicine. 2011;39(5):967-74.
Rice TW, Mogan S, Hays MA, Bernard GR, Jensen GL, Wheeler AP.
Initial Trophic vs Full Enteral Feeding in Patients With Acute Lung Injury: The EDEN Randomized Trial. - JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2012.
Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson TB, Steingrub J, Hite RD, Moss M, et al,

4.1a Arginine (n=2)

Effects of enteral nutrition supplemented with glutamine and arginine on gut barrier in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial - Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih. 2008;88(34):2407-9. [Chinese]
Huang X-X, Wang X-P, Ma J-J, Jing D-D, Wang P-W, Wu K.
A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial to study the effects of an enteral feed supplemented with glutamine, arginine, and omega-3 fatty acid in predicted acute severe pancreatitis. - Jop. 2006;7(4):361-71.
Pearce CB, Sadek SA, Walters AM, Goggin PM, Somers SS, Toh SK, et al.

4.1b Fish Oils (n=5)

Enteral nutrition with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and antioxidants in the early treatment of sepsis: results from a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled study: the INTERSEPT study. - Crit Care. 2011;15(3):R144.
Pontes-Arruda A, Martins LF, de Lima SM, Isola AM, Toledo D, Rezende E, et al.
A phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of acute lung injury. - Crit Care Med. 2011;39(7):1655-62.
Stapleton RD, Martin TR, Weiss NS, Crowley JJ, Gundel SJ, Nathens AB, et al.
Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury. - JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2011;306(14):1574-81.
Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, deBoisblanc BP, Steingrub J, Rock P.
Effect of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and anti-oxidants on the outcome of mechanically ventilated, critically ill, septic patients. - Clin Nutr. 2011;30(5):578-84.
Grau-Carmona T, Moran-Garcia V, Garcia-de-Lorenzo A, Heras-de-la-Calle G, Quesada-Bellver B, Lopez-Martinez J, et al.
Enteral n-3 fatty acids and micronutrients enhance percentage of positive neutrophil and lymphocyte adhesion molecules: a potential mediator of pressure ulcer healing in critically ill patients. - The British journal of nutrition. 2011:1-6.
Theilla M, Schwartz B, Zimra Y, Shapiro H, Anbar R, Rabizadeh E, et al.

4.3 Proteins/peptides (n=1)

Early enteral nutrition with whey protein or casein in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke: a double-blind randomized trial. - Nutrition. 2011;27(4):440-4.
de Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Prado Silveira BR, Dock-Nascimento DB.

4.5 Fibre (n=2)

Mixed fibers diet in surgical ICU septic patients. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. - 2010;19(4):458-64.
Chittawatanarat K, Pokawinpudisnun P, Polbhakdee Y.
Comparison of early enteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis with prebiotic fiber supplementation versus standard enteral solution: a prospective randomized double-blind study. - World journal of gastroenterology : WJG. 2007;13(19):2733-7.
Karakan T, Ergun M, Dogan I, Cindoruk M, Unal S.

5.3 Small bowel vs gastric feeding (n=5)

A randomized study of early nasogastric versus nasojejunal feeding in severe acute pancreatitis. The American journal of gastroenterology. - 2005;100(2):432-9.
Eatock FC, Chong P, Menezes N, Murray L, McKay CJ, Carter CR, et al.
Duodenal versus gastric feeding in medical intensive care unit patients: a prospective, randomized, clinical study. - Crit Care Med. 2009;37(6):1866-72.
Hsu CW, Sun SF, Lin SL, Kang SP, Chu KA, Lin CH, et al.
A randomised controlled comparison of early post-pyloric versus early gastric feeding to meet nutritional targets in ventilated intensive care patients. - Crit Care. 2009;13(6):R187.
White H, Sosnowski K, Tran K, Reeves A, Jones M.
Gastric versus transpyloric feeding in severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective, randomized trial. - Intensive care medicine. 2010;36(9):1532-9.
Acosta-Escribano J, Fernandez-Vivas M, Grau Carmona T, Caturla-Such J, Garcia-Martinez M, Menendez-Mainer A, et al.
A multi-centre randomized controlled trial comparing early nasojejunal with nasogastric nutrition in critical illness. - [In Press]
Davies AR, Morrison SS, Bailey MJ, Bellomo R, Cooper DJ, Doig GS, et al.

[New] 5.5 Gastric residual values (n=2)

Gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition in ICU patients: the REGANE study. Intensive care medicine. - 2010;36(8):1386-93.
Montejo JC, Minambres E, Bordeje L, Mesejo A, Acosta J, Heras A, et al.
To return or to discard? Randomised trial on gastric residual volume management. - Intensive & critical care nursing. 2009;25(5):258-67.
Juve-Udina ME, Valls-Miro C, Carreno-Granero A, Martinez-Estalella G, Monterde-Prat D, Domingo-Felici CM, et al.

6.2 Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics (n=12)

Oral probiotic and prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study in intensive care unit patients. - Crit Care 2008;12(3):R69.
Forestier C, Guelon D, Cluytens V, Gillart T, Sirot J, De Champs C.
Lactobacillus GG as treatment for diarrhea during enteral feeding in critical illness: randomized controlled trial. - JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011 Jan;35(1):43-9.
Ferrie S, Daley M.
Probiotic prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial. - Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Oct 15;182(8):1058-64.
Morrow LE, Kollef MH, Casale TB.
Probiotics in the critically ill patient: a double blind, randomized,placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. - 2010 Sep;36(9):1540-7.
Barraud D, Blard C, Hein F, Marçon O, Cravoisy A, Nace L, Alla F, Bollaert PE, Gibot S.
Influence of synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5,Bifidobacterium lactis Bb 12, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and oligofructose on gut barrier function and sepsis in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. - Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;23(4):467-75.
Jain PK, McNaught CE, Anderson AD, MacFie J, Mitchell CJ.
Role of probiotics on gut permeability and endotoxemia in patients with acute pancreatitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. - J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 May-Jun;45(5):442-8.
Sharma B, Srivastava S, Singh N, Sachdev V, Kapur S, Saraya A.
Intérêt de Saccharomyces boulardii dans la tolérance digestive de la nutrition entérale à débit continu chez le brulé. - Nutr Clin Métabol. 1987;1:31-34.
Schlotterer M, Bernasconi P, Lebreton F, Wasserman D.
Diarrhea with enteral feeding: prospective reappraisal of putative causes. - Nutrition. 1994 Sep-Oct;10(5):392-6.
Heimburger DC, Sockwell DG, Geels WJ.
Early enteral nutrition with specific lactobacillus and fibre reduces sepsis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis - Magy Seb. 2003;56:3-8.
Kecskes G, Tibor B, Olah A.
Lactobacillus plantarum 299v reduces colonisation of Clostridium difficile in critically ill patients treated with antibiotics. - Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008 Sep;52(8):1096-102.
Klarin B, Wullt M, Palmquist I, Molin G, Larsson A, Jeppsson B.
Adjuvant therapy for probiotics in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: an analysis of 14 cases - World Chinese Journal of Digestology. 2007;15(3):302-304.
Li YM.
Preliminary comparative study on the effects of early enteral supplementation of synbiotics on severely burned patients - Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2004 Aug;20(4):198-201.
Lu X, Han CM, Yu JX, Fu SZ.

[New] 6.5 Other formulas (n=1)

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in critically ill trauma patients. - The Journal of trauma. 2007;62(1):125-31; discussion 31-2.
Kuhls DA, Rathmacher JA, Musngi MD, Frisch DA, Nielson J, Barber A, et al.

7.0 EN in combination with PN (n=5)

Comparison the inflammatory effects of early supplemental parenteral nutrition plus enteral nutrition versus enteral nutrition alone in critically ill patients. - DARU. 2010;18(2):103-6.
Abrishami R, Ahmadi A, Abdollahi M, Moosivand A, Khalili H, Najafi A, et al.
Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. - The New England journal of medicine. 2011;365(6):506-17
Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, Wouters PJ, Schetz M, Meyfroidt G, et al.
The tight calorie control study (TICACOS): a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study of nutritional support in critically ill patients. - Intensive care medicine. 2011;37(4):601-9.
Singer P, Anbar R, Cohen J, Shapiro H, Shalita-Chesner M, Lev S, et al.
Influence of different routes of nutrition on the respiratory muscle strength and outcome of elderly patients in respiratory intensive care unit. - Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011;1:7-11. [Chinese; also in EN vs PN]
Chen F, Wang J, Jiang Y.
[In Press] - [In Press]
Pichard, Berger

9.1 Branched chain amino acids (n=1)

Comparison of the efficacy of parenteral glutamine and branched-chain amino acid solutions given as extra supplements in parallel to the enteral nutrition in head trauma. - e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. 2008;3(5):e211-e6. [Also in PN Glutamine section]
Ozgultekin A, Turan G, Durmus Y, Dincer E, Akgun N.

9.2 Type of lipids (n=5)

Effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion on plasma phospholipid fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes in septic patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. - Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R5.
Barbosa VM, Miles EA, Calhau C, Lafuente E, Calder PC.
Fish oil-supplemented parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis patients and effects on immune function and infectious risk: a randomized controlled trial. - Inflammation. 2009;32(5):304-9.
Wang X, Li W, Zhang F, Pan L, Li N, Li J.
Effects on hemodynamics and gas exchange of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched lipid emulsion in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study. - Lipids in health and disease. 2008;7:39.
Sabater J, Masclans JR, Sacanell J, Chacon P, Sabin P, Planas M.
Efficacy and safety of parenteral omega 3 fatty acids in ventilated patients with acute lung injury. - Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine. 2011;15(2):108-13.
Gupta A, Govil D, Bhatnagar S, Gupta S, Goyal J, Patel S, et al.
Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish-oil-based lipid emulsion infusion for treatment of critically ill patients with severe sepsis. - Asian journal of surgery / Asian Surgical Association. 2011;34(1):1-10.
Khor BS, Liaw SJ, Shih HC, Wang LS.

9.4 Glutamine (n=10)

Comparison of the efficacy of parenteral glutamine and branched-chain amino acid solutions given as extra supplements in parallel to the enteral nutrition in head trauma. - e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. 2008;3(5):e211-e6.
Ozgultekin A, Turan G, Durmus Y, Dincer E, Akgun N.
The effect of intravenous alanyl-glutamine supplementation on plasma glutathione levels in intensive care unit trauma patients receiving enteral nutrition: the results of a randomized controlled trial. - Anesthesia and analgesia. 2009;109(2):502-5.
Eroglu A.
Effect of early enriched parenteral alanyl-glutamine on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression in critical patients - Zhongguo wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue = Chinese critical care medicine = Zhongguo weizhongbing jijiuyixue. 2007;19(8):481-4. [Chinese]
Zhang Z, Qin HD, Ni HB, Xu Y, Wu HR, Cheng H, et al.
Effect of glutamine on serum interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in patients with severe pancreatitis - Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University. 2008;28(1):129-31. [Chinese]
Yang SQ, Xu JG.
Effect of total parenteral nutrition with supplementation of glutamine on the plasma diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate content in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome - Zhongguo wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue = Chinese critical care medicine = Zhongguo weizhongbing jijiuyixue. 2006;18(10):616-8. [Chinese]
Tian H, Wang KF, Wu TJ.
Lack of effect of glutamine administration to boost the innate immune system response in trauma patients in the intensive care unit. - Crit Care. 2010;14(6):R233.
Perez-Barcena J, Crespi C, Regueiro V, Marse P, Raurich JM, Ibanez J, et al.
The effect of L-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide supplemented total parenteral nutrition on infectious morbidity and insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients. - Crit Care Med. 2011;39(6):1263-8.
Grau T, Bonet A, Minambres E, Pineiro L, Irles JA, Robles A, et al.
The impact of L-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide supplemented total parenteral nutrition on clinical outcome in critically patients. - e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. 2011;6(2):e64-e7.
Çekmen N, Aydin A, Erdemli Ö.
Randomised trial of glutamine, selenium, or both, to supplement parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients. - BMJ. 2011;342:d1542. [Also in section Intensive Insulin Therapy]
Andrews PJ, Avenell A, Noble DW, Campbell MK, Croal BL, Simpson WG, et al.
Scandinavian glutamine trial: a pragmatic multi-centre randomised clinical trial of intensive care unit patients. - Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2011;55(7):812-8.
Wernerman J, Kirketeig T, Andersson B, Berthelson H, Ersson A, Friberg H, et al.

10.4 Intensive insulin therapy (n=4)

Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial. - JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2010;303(4):341-8.
Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V, Azoulay E, D'Honneur G, Timsit JF, et al.
A carbohydrate-restrictive strategy is safer and as efficient as intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. - J Crit Care. 2010;25(1):84-9.
de Azevedo JRA, de Araujo LO, da Silva WS, de Azevedo RP.
Tight glycemic control may favor fibrinolysis in patients with sepsis. Critical Care Medicine. - 2009;37(2):424-31.
Savioli M, Cugno M, Polli F, Taccone P, Bellani G, Spanu P, et al.
Permissive underfeeding and intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. - Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(3):569-77. [Also in section Achieving Target Dose EN]
Arabi YM, Tamim HM, Dhar GS, Al-Dawood A, Al-Sultan M, Sakkijha MH, et al.

11.1 Combined vitamins and trace elements (n=5)

High-dose selenium substitution in sepsis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. - Intensive care medicine. 2011;37(5):808-15.
Valenta J, Brodska H, Drabek T, Hendl J, Kazda A.
High-dose selenium reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia and illness severity in critically ill patients with systemic inflammation. - Intensive care medicine. 2011;37(7):1120-7.
Manzanares W, Biestro A, Torre MH, Galusso F, Facchin G, Hardy G.
Randomised trial of glutamine, selenium, or both, to supplement parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients. - BMJ. 2011;342:d1542.
Andrews PJ, Avenell A, Noble DW, Campbell MK, Croal BL, Simpson WG, et al.
Tolerability and efficacy of a low-volume enteral supplement containing key nutrients in the critically ill. - Clin Nutr. 2011;30(5):599-603.
Schneider A, Markowski A, Momma M, Seipt C, Luettig B, Hadem J, et al.
Serum trace element levels in COPD patient: the relation between trace element supplementation and period of mechanical ventilation in a randomized controlled trial. - Respirology. 2009;14(8):1180-7.
El-Attar M, Said M, El-Assal G, Sabry NA, Omar E, Ashour L.

11.2 Parenteral Selenium (n=5)

High-dose selenium reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia and illness severity in critically ill patients with systemic inflammation. - Intensive care medicine. 2011;37(7):1120-7.
Manzanares W, Biestro A, Torre MH, Galusso F, Facchin G, Hardy G.
Randomised trial of glutamine, selenium, or both, to supplement parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients. - BMJ. 2011;342:d1542.
Andrews PJ, Avenell A, Noble DW, Campbell MK, Croal BL, Simpson WG, et al.
Tolerability and efficacy of a low-volume enteral supplement containing key nutrients in the critically ill. - Clin Nutr. 2011;30(5):599-603.
Schneider A, Markowski A, Momma M, Seipt C, Luettig B, Hadem J, et al.
High-dose selenium substitution in sepsis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. - Intensive Care Medicine. 2011;37(5):808-15.
Valenta J, Brodska H, Drabek T, Hendl J, Kazda A.
Serum trace element levels in COPD patient: the relation between trace element supplementation and period of mechanical ventilation in a randomized controlled trial. - Respirology. 2009;14(8):1180-7.
El-Attar M, Said M, El-Assal G, Sabry NA, Omar E, Ashour L.

[NEW] 12.0 Vitamin D (n=1)

Short-term effects of high-dose oral vitamin D3 in critically ill vitamin D deficient patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. - Crit Care. 2011;15(2):R104.
Amrein K, Sourij H, Wagner G, Holl A, Pieber TR, Smolle KH, et al.